Balancing Eqations ( Advanced )

 

Advanced ( Balancing Chemical Equations )

(i)                  HCl (aq) + MnO₂(s) → H₂O (l) + MnCl₂ (aq) + Cl₂ (g)

(ii)                K₄[Fe(CN)₆](aq) + H₂O₂ (aq) →K₃[Fe(CN)₆](aq) + KOH (aq)

(iii)               Fe₂O₃(s) + CO(g) → Fe(s) + CO₂(g)

(iv)              BCl₃(g) + LiAlH₄(s) → B₂H₆(g) + LiCl(s) + AlCl₃ (s)

(v)                NH₃(g) + O₂(g) → NO(g) + H₂O(g)

(vi)              CO₂(g) + H₂O(l) → C₆H₁₂O₆(aq) + O₂(g)

(vii)             O₃(g) + H₂O₂(l) → H₂O(l) + O₂(g)

(viii)           AgBr (s) + C₆H₆O₂(aq) → Ag(s) + HBr (aq) + C₆H₄O₂(aq)

(ix)              HCHO(l) + [Ag(NH3)₂]⁺(aq) + OH^– (aq) → Ag(s) + HCOO^–(aq) + NH₃(aq) + H₂O(l)

(x)                HCHO (l) + Cu²⁺(aq) + OH^– (aq) → Cu₂O(s) + HCOO^–(aq) + H₂O(l)

(xi)              N₂H₄(l) + H₂O₂(l) → N₂(g) + H₂O(l)

(xii)             Pb(s) + PbO₂(s) + H₂SO₄(aq) → PbSO₄(s) + H₂O(l)

(xiii)           S₂O₃^2– (aq) + I₂(s) → S₄O₆^2–(aq) + I^– (aq)

(xiv)           S₂O₃^2–(aq) + Br₂(l) + H₂O(l) → SO₄^2–(aq) + Br^– (aq) + H⁺(aq)

(xv)            XeO₆^4- (aq) + F^– (aq) + H⁺(aq) → XeO₃(g)+ F₂(g) + H₂O(l)

(xvi)           H₃PO₂(aq) + AgNO₃(aq) + H₂O(l) → H₃PO₄(aq) + Ag(s) + HNO₃(aq)

(xvii)         H₃PO₂(aq) + CuSO₄(aq) + H₂O(l) → H₃PO₄(aq) + Cu(s) + H₂SO₄(aq)

(xviii)        C₆H₅CHO(l) + [Ag(NH³)₂]⁺(aq) + OH^– (aq) → C₆H₅COO^–(aq) + Ag(s) + NH₃ (aq) + H₂O(l)

(xix)           C₆H₅CHO(l) + Cu²⁺(aq) + OH^– (aq) → No change observed.

(xx)            MnO₄^– (aq) + I^– (aq) → MnO₂ (s) + I₂(s) (in basic medium)

(xxi)           MnO₄^– (aq) + SO₂ (g) → Mn²⁺(aq) + HSO₄^– (aq) (in acidic solution)

(xxii)         H₂O₂ (aq) + Fe²⁺ (aq) → Fe³⁺ (aq) + H₂O (l) (in acidic solution)

(xxiii)        Cr₂O₇^2– + SO₂(g) → Cr³⁺ (aq) + SO₄^2– (aq) (in acidic solution)

(xxiv)       P₄(s) + OH^– (aq) → PH₃(g) + HPO₂^– (aq)

(xxv)         N₂H₄(l) + ClO₃^– (aq) → NO(g) + Cl^– (g)

(xxvi)       Cl₂O₇ (g) + H₂O₂(aq) → ClO₂^– (aq) + O₂(g) + H⁺

(xxvii)      (CN)₂(g) + OH^– (aq) → CN^– (aq) + CNO^– (aq) + H₂O(l)

Reaction Equations (Named)

 i. Hydrogen + Chlorine → Hydrogen chloride

ii. Barium chloride + Aluminium sulphate → Barium sulphate + Aluminium chloride

iii. Sodium + water → Sodium hydroxide + water

iv. Sodium hydroxide solution (in water) reacts with hydrochloric acid solution (in water) to produce sodium chloride solution and water.

v. Calcium hydroxide + Carbon dioxide → Calcium carbonate + Water

vi. Zinc + Silver nitrate → Zinc nitrate + Silver

vii. Aluminum + Copper chloride → Aluminum chloride +Copper

viii. Barium chloride + Potassium sulphate → Barium sulphate + potassium chloride

ix. Potassium bromide (s) + Barium iodide (aq) → Potassium iodide (aq) + Barium bromide(s)

x. Zinc carbonate (s) → Zinc oxide (s) + Carbon dioxide (g)

xi. Magnesium (s) + Hydrochloric acid (aq) → Magnesium chloride (aq) + Hydrogen (g)

xii. Iron + Steam → Iron Oxide + Hydrogen

xiii. Silver bromide  → Silver metal Bromine

xiv. Hydrogen peroxide→  Water + Oxygen

xv. Iron + Copper sulphate →  Iron (II) sulphate + Copper

xvi. Zinc + Copper sulphate → Zinc sulphate + Copper

xvii. Lead + Copper chloride→  Lead chloride+  Copper

xviii. Potassium iodide + Chlorine →  Potassium chloride  Iodine

xix. Silver nitrate+Sodium chloride →  Silver chloride+ Sodium nitrate

xx. Copper (Brown) +Oxygen→  Copper (II) oxide (Black)

xxi. Calciumoxide + Water → Calcium hydroxide

xxii. Sodium carbonate +  Calcium chloride → Calcium carbonate + Sodium chloride

xxiii. Aluminium+ Copper chloride  →  Aluminiumchloride +Copper

xxiv. Zinc carbonate(s) →  Zinc oxide(s) + Carbon dioxide(g)

xxv. Magnesium(s) + Hydrochloric acid(aq → Magnesium chloride(aq) + Hydrogen(g)

xxvi. Ferrous sulphate → Ferric oxide + Sulphur ioxide+ Sulphur trioxide

xxvii. Silver chloride →  Silver + Chlorine

xxviii. Aluminium oxide →  Aluminium + Oxygen

xxix. Silver nitrate+ Copper →  Copper nitrate+ Silver

xxx. Sodium sulphate+ Barium chloride →  Barium sulphate + Sodium chloride

 

Reaction Equations

 

i. Mg + O2  →  MgO

ii. Zn + H2SO4 →ZnSO4 + H2

iii. Fe + H2O → Fe3O4 + H2

iv. CO(g) + H2 (g) →CH3OH(l)

v. CO2  (aq) H2O(l) → C6H12O6  (aq) + O2 (aq) + H2O(l)

vi. CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)

vii. Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g)  → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)

viii. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)

ix. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)

x. CH4(g) + O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + H2O (g)

xi. C6H12O6(aq) + 6O2(aq) → 6CO2(aq) + 6H2O(l) + energy

xii. FeSO4(s)  + Heat ® Fe2O3(s) + SO2(g) + SO3(g)

xiii. CaCO3(s) + Heat ® CaO(s) + CO2(g)

xiv. Pb(NO3)2(s) + Heat ® PbO(s) + NO2(g) + O2(g)

xv. AgCl(s) + Sunlight ®Ag(s) + Cl2(g)

xvi. AgBr(s) Sunlight ® Ag(s) + Br2(g)

xvii. Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) ® FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

xviii. Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ® ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)

xix. Pb(s) + CuCl2(aq) ® PbCl2(aq) + Cu(s)

xx. Na2SO4(aq) + BaCl2(aq) ® BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)

xxi. Cu + O2 Heat ® 2CuO

xxii. CuO +H2  ® Cu+H2O

xxiii. ZnO + C ® Zn +CO

xxiv. MnO2+ HCl ® MnCl2 + H2O +Cl2

xxv. Na(s) + O2(g) ® Na2O(s)

xxvi. CuO(s) + H2(g) ® Cu(s) + H2O(l)

xxvii. PbO(s) + C(s) ® 2Pb(s) + CO2(g)

xxviii. Fe2O3 + Al ® Al2O3 + Fe

xxix. HNO3 + Ca(OH)2 → Ca(NO3)2 + H2O

xxx.  NaOH + H2SO4 ® Na2SO4 + H2O

xxxi. NaCl + AgNO3 ® AgCl + NaNO3

xxxii.  BaCl2 + H2SO4 ® BaSO4 + HCl

xxxiii. NH₃ (g) + O₂ (g) → NO(g) + H₂O(g)

xxxiv. Fe(s) + H₂O(g) → Fe₃O₄ (s) + H₂ (g)

xxxv. Pb + CuCl₂ → PbCl₂ + Cu

xxxiv. Na₂ SO₄ + BaCl₂ → BaSO₄ + NaCl

xxxv. CH₄ + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O

Change of State

 

3-DifferenceOrganicandInorganic

Question : Which of the following is true regarding the difference/comparison between organic and inorganic compounds?

a) Organic compounds react more slowly and require higher temperatures for reaction , undergo more complex reactions and produce more side products.

b) Organic compounds have higher melting and boiling points and are generally soluble in water.

c) Organic compounds are more stable and there- fore do not decompose on heating to other compounds.

d) Organic compounds are lesser in number.

Answer a) is the best fit answer

Explaination

In general, ↓organic compounds

1) react more slowly and require higher temperatures for reaction;

2) undergo more complex reactions and produce more side products;

3) have lower melting and boiling points and are generally insoluble in water;

4) are less stable and therefore often decompose on heating to compounds of lower energy content;

5) are classified into families of compounds such as alcohols, which have similar reactive groups and chemical properties; and

6) are far more numerous than inorganic compounds.

2-OriginofOrganic

Question : What is the origin of the term organic chemistry?

a) Prior to 1828, most carbon compounds had been found only in living matter and it was believed that their natural synthesis required vital force. In that year, Friedrich Wohler created Urea from ammonium isocyanate and the definitions of organic and inorganic chemistry changed.

b) There is no such thing as vital force theory. Organic chemistry was ever since the beginning considered the study of special carbon compounds.

c) The substances not obtained from organs are all inorganic. Rest of the compounds are organic.

d) None of these

Answer a) is the best fit answer

Explaination

Before the nineteenth century, chemists generally believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were endowed with a vital force that distinguished them from inorganic compounds. According to the concept of vitalism (vital force theory), organic matter was endowed with a "↓vital force". During the first half of the nineteenth century, some of the first systematic studies of organic compounds were reported. Around 1816 Michel Chevreul started a study of soaps made from various fats and alkalis. He separated the different acids that, in combination with the alkali, produced the soap. Since these were all individual compounds, he demonstrated that it was possible to make a chemical change in various fats (which traditionally come from organic sources), producing new compounds, without "vital force". In 1828 Friedrich Wöhler produced the organic chemical urea (carbamide), a constituent of urine, from the inorganic ammonium cyanate NH₄CNO, in what is now called the Wöhler synthesis. Although Wöhler was always cautious about claiming that he had disproved the theory of vital force, this event has often been thought of as a turning point.

In 1856 ↓William Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally manufactured the organic dye now known as ↓Perkin’s mauve. Through its great financial success, this discovery greatly increased interest in organic chemistry.

The crucial breakthrough for organic chemistry was the concept of chemical structure, developed independently and simultaneously by Friedrich August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper in 1858.Both men suggested that tetravalent carbon atoms could link to each other to form a carbon lattice, and that the detailed patterns of atomic bonding could be discerned by skillful interpretations of appropriate chemical reactions.

The pharmaceutical industry began in the last decade of the 19th century when the manufacturing of acetylsalicylic acid—more commonly referred to as aspirin—in Germany was started by Bayer. The first time a drug was systematically improved was with arsphenamine (Salvarsan). Though numerous derivatives of the dangerous toxic atoxyl were examined by Paul Ehrlich and his group, the compound with best effectiveness and toxicity characteristics was selected for production.

1-IntroductionDifferenceOrganicInorganic

Question : What is the difference between Organic and Inorganic Chemistry?

a) With a few exceptions (i.e., carbonate salts CO₂ ) organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds while inorganic chemistry is the study of all other compounds.

b) Organic Chemistry is the study of Carbon compounds while Inorganic Chemistry is the study of all other compounds.

c) Organic Chemistry is the study of compounds formed from organs while Inorganic Chemistry is the study of compounds created from rest of matter.

d) None of these

Answer a) is the best fit answer.

Explaination

Organic and inorganic chemistry are subdisciplines within chemistry. In organic chemistry, scientific study is concentrated towards carbon compounds and other carbon-based compounds such as hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Inorganic chemistry is concerned in the scientific study of all the chemical compounds except the carbon group. So to cut the story short, organic chemistry deals with carbon while inorganic chemistry deals with the rest of the chemical compounds except carbon.

When we say scientific study of organic or inorganic chemistry, this includes the study of composition, structure, properties, preparation and study of reactions. So to think of becoming a chemist, an individual must be expert in all of the said processes.

Organic chemistry tackles photochemistry, stereochemistry, hydrogenation, isomerization, polymerization, and fermentation. Inorganic chemistry, on the other hand, covers a broad range of subjects. Examples of these are: electrochemistry, crystallography, atomic structure, coordination of compounds, ceramics, chemical bonding, and acid-base reactions. It is always said that organic and inorganic chemistry always overlap.

Organic chemistry is said to be an important subdiscipline of chemistry. This is due to the fact that they tackle life and the chemical reactions related to it. They also tackle the vast products that can be produced from it, such as the improvement of cleansing products. Inorganic chemistry is also an important subdiscipline. According to R.T. Sanderson, inorganic chemistry is important because it’s the only discipline within chemistry that examines specifically the differences among all the different kinds of atoms. An example of inorganic chemistry in which it can be applied is by the use of Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry which studies the significant and non-significant elements which can be used in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases.

To become an inorganic or organic chemist requires a bachelor’s degree in chemistry majoring in organic or inorganic chemistry. Then they can further take a Master’s degree or a Doctorate degree for them to enhance their knowledge. They can also teach in the academy or work in laboratories. A chemist can earn as much as $30,000 USD up to $130,000 USD depending on the position and expertise as of 2009. It is a difficult degree, though, involving patience, analytical and critical thinking.

Summary:

1.Organic chemistry deals with carbon and its derivatives while inorganic chemistry deals with the rest of the elements except carbon.

2.Organic chemistry tackles photochemistry, stereochemistry, hydrogenation, etc. while inorganic chemistry tackles electrochemistry, crystallography, atomic structures, and a lot more.

3.Both subdisciplines often overlap.

4.Both require a bachelor’s degree in chemistry majoring either in organic or inorganic chemistry.